Page 83 - Anthology

9 Carlson’s Second Marine Raider Battalion: The Marine Raiders were elite units established by the
United States Marine Corps during World War II to conduct amphibious light infantry warfare,
particularly in landing in rubber boats and operating behind the lines. "Edson's" Raiders of 1st
Marine Raiders Battalion and "Carlson's" Raiders of 2nd Marine Raiders Battalion are said to be
the first United States special operations forces to form and see combat in World War II.
However, most combat operations saw the Raiders employed as regular infantry and combined
with the resentment within the rest of the Marines that the Raiders were an "elite force within an
elite force", led to the eventual abandonment of the experiment.
10 Guadalcanal: The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and
codenamed Operation Watchtower by Allied forces, was a military campaign fought between 7
August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theatre
of World War II. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
11 War Bond: War bonds are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations
and other expenditure in times of war. By the summer of 1940, the victories of Nazi Germany
against Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and France brought urgency to the
government discreetly preparing for possible United States involvement in World War II.
12 George McGovern: George Stanley McGovern (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an
American historian, author, U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party
presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
13 4-H: 4-H in the United States is a youth organization administered by the National Institute of
Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the mission of
"engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development".
The name represents four personal development areas of focus for the organization: head, heart,
hands, and health.
14 USS San Francisco USS San Francisco (CA-38), a New Orleans-class heavy cruiser, was the
second ship of the United States Navy named after the city of San Francisco, California.
Commissioned in 1934, she was one of the most decorated ships of World War II, earning 17
battle stars. Like most of her sister ships, she saw extensive action during the Guadalcanal
campaign, including the Battle of Cape Esperance and the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, during
which she was heavily damaged and her captain and admiral killed. During the Pearl Harbor
attack on 7 December 1941, San Francisco was awaiting docking and the cleaning of her heavily
fouled bottom. A number of San Francisco's officers and men were absent. At 0755, Japanese
planes began bombing dives on Ford Island, and by 0800, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
was well underway. The men in San Francisco secured the ship for water tightness and began
looking for opportunities to fight back. Some crossed to New Orleans to help man antiaircraft
batteries on that ship. Others began using available rifles and machine guns. Ammunition for
.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns was transferred to Tracy for use. San Francisco was not bombed
or damaged during the Japanese air raid. After the attack was over, work resumed to make San
Francisco seaworthy and combat ready. On 14 December, the cruiser left the yard; the scaling of
her keel had been postponed in favor of more necessary repairs on other ships. On 16
December, she sortied with Task Force 14 (TF 14) to relieve Wake Island. The force moved west
with a Marine fighter squadron onboard Saratoga and a Marine battalion embarked in Tangier.
However, when Wake Island fell to the Japanese on 23 December, TF 14 was diverted to Midway
Atoll which it reinforced. On 29 December, the force returned to Pearl Harbor.
15 Rationed: The United States home front during World War II, supported the war effort in many
ways, including a wide range of volunteer efforts and submitting to government-managed
rationing and price controls. Everyone agreed that the sacrifices were for the national good "for
the duration."
16 Los Alamos National Laboratory: The laboratory was founded during World War II as a secret,
centralized facility to coordinate the scientific research of the Manhattan Project, the Allied project
to develop the first nuclear weapons.
17 Golden Lion Division: The division insignia is a golden lion's face on a blue background encircled
by white and then red borders respectively. The blue represents the Infantry and the red, the
supporting Artillery. The lion's face is indicative of strength and power.